Particles : Dynamics vs
نویسنده
چکیده
As the glosses above make clear, the particles have no truth-conditional effects: adding a particle never changes the truth value of a sentence. Despite this lack of truth-conditional content, they are omnipresent in spoken discourse. Nevertheless, they are difficult to paraphrase, and in fact rather unclear in meaning, despite a great deal of research on them (see e.g. Takubo and Kinsui 1997; Noda 2002; Moriyama 2001, among many others). The goal of the present paper is as follows. The vast majority of work on the particles has been informal in nature. I want to consider two possible formal accounts of their meaning. In many cases, it is hard to see how a given author conceptualizes the particle meanings because of lack of formalization. In the case of particles, the meanings in question are so subtle that it can be difficult to follow explanations couched in ordinary language. I therefore hope
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